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Publication Year: 2008

Acute risks to marine mammals from pile driving: an assessment of mitigation procedures, knowledge gaps and research requirements (PDF)

The construction of offshore wind-farms generates a range of high-level underwater noise to which marine mammals, which have acute underwater hearing and use acoustics as their primary sensory modality, is at levels that could cause hearing or physical damage. Risks will rise as pile diameter increases. We explore the risks posed by pile driving to […]

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  • Services
  • Sectors
  • Clients
  • Tools
    • Estimating range using a range stick
    • Estimating range with reticle binoculars
  • Research
    • Overview
    • Publications
  • News
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  • Contact